Single-dose HIV vaccine candidate induces neutralizing antibodies

Scientists at The Wistar Institute have developed an HIV vaccine candidate that achieves something never before observed in the field: inducing neutralizing antibodies against HIV after a single immunization in nonhuman primates. The innovative approach, published in Nature Immunology, could significantly shorten and simplify HIV vaccination protocols, making them more accessible worldwide.

The research, led by Amelia Escolano, Ph.D., assistant professor in Wistar's Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center and the senior author of the study, centers on an engineered HIV envelope protein, WIN332, that challenges scientific assumptions about how to design an effective HIV vaccine.

By going against one commonly held belief in the field, we achieved low neutralization after a single immunization, which was further increased after one additional booster, something that has never been observed before. Usually, HIV vaccination protocols require seven, eight, or even ten injections to start seeing any neutralization. For our immunogen, WIN332, we injected once and already saw some neutralization."

Amelia Escolano, Ph.D., assistant professor in Wistar's Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center
For years, scientists attempting to engineer HIV vaccines have focused on targeting the virus's envelope protein, a component of the outermost layer of the virus. Dr. Escolano's team has engineered a specific region of the envelope protein, called the V3-glycan epitope. Conventional wisdom held that antibodies targeting this region required a particular sugar, N332-glycan, to bind effectively. All previous envelope immunogens were designed to preserve this sugar. Escolano's team took the unprecedented step of removing the N332-glycan completely to create WIN332.

A single injection of WIN332 induced low but detectable neutralization against HIV within just three weeks-an unprecedented timeline. When the researchers gave a second injection using a related immunogen, neutralization levels increased significantly. This represents a potentially marked improvement over current experimental protocols.
This immunogen could shorten and simplify vaccination protocols. If this approach proves successful, we could potentially achieve desired immunity with just three injections. This would make vaccination protocols shorter and more affordable."